Although the history of science traces the roots of scientific and technological activity back to ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia after 3.200 BC, impressive findings during the last 50 years testify that prehistoric, probably nomads of the Nubian desert, had obtained significantly advanced knowledge regarding astronomy, being implemented in various structures, such as the stone circle and the cow stone and bedrock sculptures of Nabta Playa. The stone circle of Nabta Playa (approx. < 4.800 BC) has been characterized as a star map or an astronomical observatory and represents parts of the constellation of Orion and Ursa Major. The knowledge of the constellations, the positions of the stars, the distance between them, and their velocity are necessary for an accurate representation through this monument, which requires meticulous and systematic research of the celestial bodies. The stone circle, the cow stone, and bedrock sculptures, which were argued to have been used for the observation, the description of inaccessible systems, and the prediction of climate phenomena, are prehistoric technological achievements. An important question is whether these monuments are proof of the existence of scientific thought and technological activity during this period. A second question is whether the stone circle can be considered a scientific model, and into what category of models could it fall. Finally, what does the invention and construction of these monuments imply for the prehistoric civilizations that created them, and what for our knowledge about them? Starting from describing these monuments and examining the scientific model concept, we develop our argument that these monuments constitute prehistoric analogue models and, more specifically, scale models. They are, in other words, physical setups that were constructed to be similar to other physical setups, which people could not observe directly due to distance, and represent them to describe and study these inaccessible systems, towards the prediction of crucial phenomena (e.g., summer monsoons). Their religious dimension does not affect their role as representations of natural systems, and on this basis as scientific scale models. Therefore, the stone circle, cow stone, and bedrock sculptures of Nabta Playa, as early scientific models, constitute evidence for the existence of scientific and technological activity, centuries before the generally accepted beginnings of these two kinds of intellectual activity. In addition to answering the above questions, the ultimate purpose of this study is to encourage pondering on the truth and validity of the assumption that the beginning of science is traced in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia but also to trigger questions regarding the civilization of these prehistoric populations.